A Global Outlook to the Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the World and Emission Factors of the Thermal Power Plants in Turkey

World primary energy demand increases with increases in population and economic development. Within the last 25 yr, the total energy consumption has almost doubled. For the purpose of meeting this demand, fossil energy sources are used and various pollutants are generated. CO₂ is also one of these gases, which cannot be removed like other pollutants, and it causes greenhouse effect and climate change. Reducing the CO₂ emission is very important because of the environmental concerns and regulations, especially the Kyoto Protocol. This paper reviews the estimated world carbon emissions, Turkey's situation in electrical energy production, emission amounts estimated until the year 2020 and emission factors for dust, SO₂, NO_x and CO₂. The estimated results show that CO₂ emissions from thermal power plants in Turkey will make about 0.66 % of the global CO₂ emissions in 2020.     

建设期环境监理实践与相关问题思考

在环境管理制度中,对应项目建设前期及竣工环境保护验收两个阶段的环保审批和竣工验收制度已基本成熟,但是施工阶段的环境管理尚处于探索期。从环境监理概念出发,总结了环境监理的发展过程以及其法律法规体系,认为当前是我国环境监理的第二发展阶段。同时,以江苏淮阴发电有限公司300MW机组的环境监理工作为案例,从设计阶段、施工阶段、试生产阶段等方面,全面分析了燃煤电厂环境监理的具体实践工作,突出了燃煤电厂环境监理容易忽视的六个问题。最后对于当前环境监理存在的五个重要方面进行了思考与建议,包括环境监理的法律法规体系、环境监理的运作模式、工程监理和环境监理的责权利划分、环境监理资质申请等。     

Impact of Native Plants on Bird and Butterfly Biodiversity in Suburban Landscapes

Abstract:  Managed landscapes in which non-native ornamental plants are favored over native vegetation now dominate the United States, particularly east of the Mississippi River. We measured how landscaping with native plants affects the avian and lepidopteran communities on 6 pairs of suburban properties in southeastern Pennsylvania. One property in each pair was landscaped entirely with native plants and the other exhibited a more conventional suburban mixture of plants—a native canopy with non-native groundcover and shrubs. Vegetation sampling confirmed that total plant cover and plant diversity did not differ between treatments, but non-native plant cover was greater on the conventional sites and native plant cover was greater on the native sites. Several avian (abundance, species richness, biomass, and breeding-bird abundance) and larval lepidopteran (abundance and species richness) community parameters were measured from June 2006 to August 2006. Native properties supported significantly more caterpillars and caterpillar species and significantly greater bird abundance, diversity, species richness, biomass, and breeding pairs of native species. Of particular importance is that bird species of regional conservation concern were 8 times more abundant and significantly more diverse on native properties. In our study area, native landscaping positively influenced the avian and lepidopteran carrying capacity of suburbia and provided a mechanism for reducing biodiversity losses in human-dominated landscapes.     

Earthworm Invasion as the Driving Force Behind Plant Invasion and Community Change in Northeastern North American Forests

Abstract:  Identification of factors that drive changes in plant community structure and contribute to decline and endangerment of native plant species is essential to the development of appropriate management strategies. Introduced species are assumed to be driving causes of shifts in native plant communities, but unequivocal evidence supporting this view is frequently lacking. We measured native vegetation, non-native earthworm biomass, and leaf-litter volume in 15 forests in the presence and absence of 3 non-native plant species ( Microstegium vimineum, Alliaria petiolata, Berberis thunbergii ) to assess the general impact of non-native plant and earthworm invasions on native plant communities in northeastern United States. Non-native plant cover was positively correlated with total native plant cover and non-native earthworm biomass. Earthworm biomass was negatively associated with cover of native woody and most herbaceous plants and with litter volume. Graminoid cover was positively associated with non-native earthworm biomass and non-native plant cover. These earthworm-associated responses were detected at all sites despite differences in earthworm species and abundance, composition of the native plant community, identity of invasive plant species, and geographic region. These patterns suggest earthworm invasion, rather than non-native plant invasion, is the driving force behind changes in forest plant communities in northeastern North America, including declines in native plant species, and earthworm invasions appear to facilitate plant invasions in these forests. Thus, a focus on management of invasive plant species may be insufficient to protect northeastern forest understory species.     

Factors Associated with Alien Plants Transitioning from Casual, to Naturalized, to Invasive

Abstract:  To explain current plant invasions, or predict future ones, more knowledge on which factors increase the probability of alien species becoming naturalized and subsequently invasive is needed. We created a database of the alien plants in seminatural habitats in Ireland that included data on taxonomy, invasive status, invasion history, distribution, and biological and ecological plant characteristics. We used information from this database to determine the importance of these factors in increasing the ability of species to become naturalized and invasive. More specifically, we used two multiple logistic regressions to identify factors that distinguish naturalized from casual alien plant species and invasive from noninvasive, naturalized alien species. Clonal growth, moisture-indicator value, nitrogen-indicator value, native range, and date of first record affected (in order of decreasing importance) the probability of naturalization. Factors that distinguished invasive from noninvasive species were ornamental introduction, hermaphrodite flowers, pollination mode, being invasive elsewhere, onset of flowering season, moisture-indicator value, native range, and date of first record. Incorporation of phylogenetic information had little influence on the results, suggesting that the capacity of alien species to naturalize and become invasive evolved largely independently in several phylogenetic lineages. Whereas some of the variables were important for both transitions, others were only important for naturalization or for invasion. This emphasizes the importance of studying different stages of the invasion process when looking for mechanisms of becoming a successful invasive plant, instead of simply comparing invasive with noninvasive alien species. Our results also suggest that a combination of species traits and other variables is likely to produce the most accurate prediction of invasions.     

固定化微生物-水生生物强化系统在前置库示范工程中的应用

在前置库中构建固定化微生物-水生生物强化系统处理太湖入湖河道污水,以减少入湖污染负荷.在驯化期加入复合微生物菌剂30 mg/kg,驯化期后每月投加1次(20 mg/kg),强化微生物的活性.监测期间(5-11月)库水进水ρ(TN)为0.54～1.59 mg/L,ρ(TP)为0.079～0.172 mg/L,ρ(COD_Mn)为5.41～13.40mg/L,前置库水力停留时间约为9 d,TN,TP和COD_Mn平均去除率分别为45.0%,42.2%和50.8%.固定化微生物区域微生物数量高于水生植物根际区1～2个数量级,反硝化菌数量达到109,水生植物根区微生物数量也高于示范区自然水体2～3个数量级以上.试验结果表明,固定化微生物-水生生物强化系统具有良好的环境适应能力,治理水体富营养化效果明显,但其在前置库中的长效运行,有待于进一步验证.      

太湖水草监管体系构建初步研究

随着太湖地区的经济发展及湖泊资源的利用，太湖水草的爆发性生长已经成为提高太湖水质、维持生态系统稳定的严重阻碍。水草枯亡后可能会导致水质异常，进而给苏州市饮用水安全带来威胁。依据4年来对太湖主要湖区水草的群落结构、分布范围、季节更替的研究，初步构建了太湖水草监管体系，为政府部门实施系统性监管提供支撑，并在全国湖泊水草监管方面发挥积极的示范作用。     

南京燃煤电厂烟气中汞的排放调查

对南京市8家国控污染源13台（套）燃煤锅炉进行监测，结果表明，燃煤电厂烟气中汞主要以气相部分汞形态存在，其排放值均达标，为0．16～15．9μg／m3，均远低于标准限值；煤质中汞含量与电厂烟气中汞浓度变化曲线的趋势是大致相似，相关系数为0．91；燃煤电厂机组容量、发电负荷越大，汞平均排放因子呈变小趋势；静电除尘器、湿法脱硫和选择性催化还原法的净化配置对汞的脱除效率最高，达到95．4％。     

冲击爆炸作用对核电站安全壳毁伤效应研究的进展

核电站破坏后放射性燃料泄露带来的灾难性后果,使得核电站特别是核反应堆成为军事打击和恐怖袭击的重要目标之一.本文分析总结了核反应堆安全壳因弹体和飞机的冲(撞)击爆炸导致受损所涉及的关键科学问题的国内外研究进展,指出核安全壳体防护效能的研究重点主要在于:弹体“侵彻(贯穿)+爆炸”作用对双层钢筋混凝土和内衬钢板复合核安全壳结...